Introduction and Aim: To assess the impact of new alternative solutions to formaldehyde and xylene on tissue processing, 13 different tissue processings were designed and performed on thirteen different tissues by using five different fixatives (formaldehyde, Glyo-Fixx^® , FineFix^® , Cell-block^® , Green-Fix^® ) and four different clearing agents (xylene, Sub-X^® , Bio-clear^® , Shandon Xylene Substitute^® ). Materials and Methods: Hematoxylin and Eosine stained sections were compared by using qualitative histomorphological criterions. Histochemical and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining results were compared with qualitative and quantitative data obtained by a computer program, respectively. Tissue sections were tested for the availability of chromogenic in situ hybridization, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) extraction, and DNA quality by polymerase chain reaction. Results: The quality of sections was well for all tissue processings. All alternative solutions were suitable for histochemistry. IHC staining results showed that alternative solutions that contain glyoxal as active agent need optimization for this application. The clearance of signals with chromogenic in situ hybridization were nearly same and well for all tissue samples. Furthermore, tissue processes that do not contain formaldehyde were found to be superior on preservation of nucleic acids. Conclusion: Formaldehyde-free fixatives and alternative clearing agents have potential in routine pathology and research to replace formaldehyde and xylene.

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Background: The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical and histopathological characteristics of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the city of Sanliurfa in Turkey, where Syrian refugees also reside. Materials and Methods: At the Harran University Hospital outpatient clinics between 2012 and 2013, 54 CL cases, including 24 Syrian patients, underwent punch biopsy of the skin and/or a touch imprint. Patients in whom leishmania parasites were detected were included in the study. The clinical and histopathological data of the patients were obtained by a review of the patients' medical records. All the slides of each patient were re-evaluated histopathologically. Results: Fifty-four cases (mean age; 17 ± 12 years), consisting of 32 males (59.3%) and 22 females (40.7%), were examined. The most common site of involvement was the face (63%). The most common presentation was noduloulcerative lesions (57.4%). Histopathologically, the majority of the cases exhibited hyperkeratosis, follicular plugging of the epidermis, chronic inflammatory infiltration, leishmania amastigotes and non-caseating granulomatous inflammation in the dermis. Conclusion: CL presents with a wide spectrum of expression, both clinically and histologically, and may mimic other inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. The diagnosis of CL relies on the identification of leishmania amastigotes in either a direct smear of the lesion or in a tissue section.

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Nodular fasciitis is a rare benign soft tissue tumor. The similarity in the cytological appearance of nodular fasciitis to that of pleomorphic adenoma makes it difficult to diagnose preoperatively that adds to its peculiarity. We report here a case of a middle-aged female with swelling in the neck that was diagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma on cytology. Surgical excision of the swelling was done and histopathological examination revealed it to be nodular fasciitis. This case is presented to highlight the challenge of correctly diagnosing nodular fasciitis.

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Background and Aim: Lennert's lymphoma is a rare variant of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) not otherwise specified (NOS) rich in epithelioid histiocytes. This study aims to analyze the clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic profile of cases of Lennert's lymphoma from our country and determines the utility of T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement in the diagnosis. Materials and Methods: All cases diagnosed as Lennert's lymphoma during the period of January 2001 to August 2011 were included in this study. Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stained slides and immunohistochemistry results were analyzed and TCR gene rearrangement was performed. Results: There were five cases of Lennert's lymphoma diagnosed in our institution during this period, which included two males and three females. All cases showed effacement of lymph node architecture by diffuse infiltration of small lymphoid T cells [CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA-1+), Granzyme B−] and clusters of epithelioid histiocytes throughout the lymph node and scattered large transformed cells (CD20−, CD30+, CD15−/+). TCR rearrangement was done in three cases by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and showed the presence of a clonal T-cell population. Conclusions: Lennert's lymphoma constituted 0.11% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) in our institution. Differentiation from classical Hodgkin's lymphoma is sometimes difficult by morphology and immunohistochemistry alone and TCR gene rearrangement was extremely useful in diagnosis.

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Introduction: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a common myeloproliferative disorder. Based on clinical and hematological parameters, two prognostic scoring systems, i.e., Hasford and Sokal index scoring systems are available to predict survival duration of CML patients on imatinib therapy. Aims and Objectives: Our study's objective is to compare Hasford score with Sokal index for the prognostication of de novo CML patients on therapy and find out new prognostic markers. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study. The study population comprised 66 patients who were followed up for 60 months. For each patient, at presentation, scoring was performed as per Hasford and Sokal index and Philadelphia chromosome analysis was carried out by conventional cytogenetics. Thereafter, hematological parameters were assessed 3 monthly and conventional cytogenetics was done yearly. Results: Out of these 66 patients, the number of patients belonging to low, intermediate and high risk categories are 21, 33 and 12 respectively by Hasford score and 12, 32 and 22 respectively by Sokal index. Eight patients, who had been categorized into high risk group by Sokal index but intermediate risk group by Hasford score, have shown better survival possibility as monitored by hematological and cytogenetic parameters. Ten cases, categorized into intermediate risk group by Sokal index but low risk group by Hasford score, is doing well till date. Conclusions: This study shows that Hasford score predicts survival of the patients better than Sokal index. However, multicentric study over a large population is needed to give the final verdict.

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Introduction: Enterococci rank among leading causes of nosocomial bacteremia, urinary tract infections and community acquired endocarditis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of virulence factors in Enterococci strains isolated from clinical samples in Iranian Educational hospitals. Methodology: Presence of aggregation substance (asa), extracellular surface protein (esp), Enterococcus faecalis antigen A (efaA), adhesin of collagen from E. faecalis (ace), endocarditis and biofilm-associated pilli (ebp) as colonization factors and cytolysin (cyl), gelatinase (gel) and hyaloronidase (hyl) as secretary factors were investigated in isolates. A total of 201 clinical isolates of Enterococci were collected in 2009-2010 from eight educational hospitals. After deoxyribonucleic acid extraction, they were examined for presence of virulence factors by polymerase chain reaction. Results: E. faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were isolated from 56.9% to 43.1%, respectively. Resistance to vancomycin and gentamicin were 33.8% and 83.9% in E. faecium isolates and 16.3% and 88.1% in E. faecalis isolates respectively. Colonization factors were found to be more prevalent in E. faecalis isolates and almost all isolates of E. faecalis had ace, ebp and efaA genes. Esp gene had a higher rate of distribution in Enterococci isolates (75.1%) in this study compared with previous studies. One of E. faecalis isolates contained hyl gene, but 38.8% of E. faecium isolates had it. Mutual exclusive were present between hyl and efaA in all E. faecium isolates and 69.7% of E. faecium hyl - positive isolates were esp positive. Conclusion: According to these results, virulence genes were more prevalent in E. faecalis isolates and E. faecalis had more potential pathogenesis for initiating an infection; however because of E. faeciums higher antibiotic resistance, we have been facing higher E. faecium infections in hospitalized patients.

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Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are two different and common hematological neoplasms. Their coexistence is rare, especially CLL developing in a patient of CML. Till date, only a few cases are reported and all had chronic myeloid leukemia - chronic phase earlier. We report the first case of CLL developing in a patient initially diagnosed in an accelerated phase of chronic myeloid leukemia. The clonality of both CML and CLL was proven by cytogenetic, molecular and flow cytometric studies.

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Background: Urine culture is a gold standard in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Clean catch midstream urine collection and prompt transportation is essential for appropriate diagnosis. Improper collection and delay in transportation leads to diagnostic dilemma. In developing countries, higher ambient temperatures further complicate the scenario. Here, we have evaluated the role of boric acid as a preservative for urine samples prior to culture in female patients attending outpatient department at our center. Materials and Method: Consecutive 104 urine samples were cultured simultaneously in plain uricol (Control-C) and boric acid containing tubes from Becton Dickinson urine culture kit (Boric acid group-BA). Results: In the real-time evaluation, we found that in almost 57% (59/104) of the urine samples tested, it was more effective in maintaining the number of the organisms as compared to samples in the container without any preservative. Our in vitro study of simulated urine cultures revealed that urine samples could be kept up to 12 h before culture in the preservative without any inhibitory effect of boric acid. Though the use of boric acid kit may marginally increase the initial cost but has indirect effects like preventing delays in treatment and avoidance of false prescription of antibiotics. If the man-hours spent on repeat investigations are also taken into consideration, then the economic cost borne by the laboratory would also decrease manifold with the use of these containers.

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Background: Tularemia is a disease caused by a Gram-negative coccobacillus Francisella tularensis. This bacterium may cause different types of clinical pictures owing to acquisition route and entrance site, such as ulceroglandular, oropharyngeal, glandular, pneumonic, typhoid and ocular forms. Oropharyngeal tularemia (OPT) is the most common form of tularemia in some regions. OPT may cause tonsillopharyngitis followed by cervical lymphadenopathies (LAPs). Without treatment LAP may persist for several months and may mimic other diseases causing cervical LAPs. Materials and Methods: A total of six cases of OPT, five male and one female, between 21 and 31 years old, diagnosed serologically and clinically recorded in GATA Haydarpasa Training Hospital were included in this study. Detailed story including the region they lived for last 6 months, their occupation, family and neighborhood story with similar complaints were obtained. Patient data were also obtained from manually written patients files and electronical patient file system. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of all biopsy material were submitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study for F. tularensis. Results: A total of six cases with head and neck mass following a story of tonsillopharyngitis admitted to different clinics including infectious diseases, ear-nose-throat and internal medicine in our tertiary care hospital. Physical examination revealed immobile, hard, conglomerated unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy in all cases. Histopathological examination revealed granulomatous inflammation in four cases. Acute suppurative inflammatory changes were also seen in two cases. Large necrotic areas mimicking casseifying necrosis were seen in two cases. PCR amplification of F. tularensis genom from isolated deoxyribonucleic acids was successful in five cases. Conclusion: Tularemia should be kept in mind in patients with tonsillopharyngitis not responding to penicillins and beta lactam antibiotics. Furthermore, persisting LAPs mimicking tumor with or without the story of previously experienced sore throat or tonsillopharyngitis in past few days or weeks should be evaluated for glandular or OPT. At this point, easily applicable serological tests such as tularemia micro-agglutination tests will confirm the diagnosis of OPT. However, if lymph node were already sampled to exclude especially malignancy or T cell lymphoma, tularemia PCR test may be used to make a certain diagnosis.

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Dermal duct tumor is a rare, benign tumor. Clinically, dermal duct tumor presents as a firm papule, plaque or nodule, particularly on the lower limbs or head and neck region. Dermal duct tumor is been classified as poroma. Poroma can have divergent differentiation, but showing prominent ductal and sebaceous differentiation is rare. We present a case of dermal duct tumor with prominent ductal and sebaceous differentiation arising in the scalp. A 45-year-old man with a painless slow-growing, elevated, brownish nodule on his scalp of 7-year duration was admitted to our hospital. Histopathology revealed dermal duct tumor. The neoplasm also showed prominent ductal and sebaceous differentiation.

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Pseudothrombocytopenia (PTP) is defined by falsely low platelet counts on automated analyzers caused by in vitro phenomena including large platelet aggregates in blood samples. Diagnosis and resolution of PTP is crucial as it can lead to unwarranted interventions. We discuss a case of PTP in a pre-surgical setting, which was resolved using 37°C incubation and Kanamycin.

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Background: Despite their frequency as contaminants, coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CONS) have become important nosocomial pathogens, accounting for 9% of all nosocomial infections. These infections are difficult to treat because of the risk factors and the multiple drug resistance nature of these organisms. Materials and Methods: One hundred and two consecutive CONS were isolated from various clinical samples like blood, pus, urine, urine catheter tip and gastric lavage. Most of the blood samples were from patients with risk factors (immunocompromised or on medical devices). After confirming the isolates as CONS, species-level identification was performed by simple, non-expensive conventional methods and antibiotic sensitivity testing was also carried out. Results: Of 102 CONS isolates, 100 isolates could be identified to the species level. Among the 100 isolates, epidermidis was the most common species isolated, seen in 32%, followed by S. hemolyticus (18%), S. lugdunensis (12%), S. hominis (10%), S. saprophyticus (8%), S. capitis (6%), S. caprae (4%), S. xylosus (4%), S. cohni and S. warneri (3% each). In the present study, 56% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant CONS. Most of the isolates showed resistance to ampicillin and amoxyclav (89% each), followed by ceftriaxone (52%), cotrimoxazole (46%), cefotaxime (32%), gentamicin (25%), amikacin (21%). Conclusion: The increased pathogenic potential and multiple-drug resistance demonstrates the need to adopt simple, reliable and non-expensive methods for identifying and determining the antibiotic sensitivity of CONS.

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Extra-uterine placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is extremely rare. To our knowledge, PSTT that occurs in the pelvic wall has not yet been reported. A 29-year-old woman presented with amenorrhea and irregular vaginal bleeding of 1 month. A solid tumor mass was detected by ultrasonography in the right pelvic wall. The tumor was comprised of large, polygonal tumor cells, with brisk mitosis and obvious vascular invasion. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that tumor cells were positive for human placental lactogen, CD146, cytokeratin, placental alkaline phosphatase, human chorionic gonadotropin were positive, the Ki-67 proliferative index was about 80%. The pathological diagnosis was PSTT. After the operation, the patient was treated with six cycles of etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine. The patient was followed for 18 months without recurrence. The report shows that extra-uterine PSTT is extremely rare and may have a good prognosis; surgical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy are good options. However, further experience to diagnose and cure this rare tumor is warranted.

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Background: Infections due to Staphylococcus aureus, a nosocomial and community-acquired pathogen, is a major public health problem. Wide range of diseases caused by S. aureus from mild infections of the skin and soft tissue to life threatening diseases which is due to having several virulence factors such as enzymes, toxins and also enterotoxins. Enterotoxin A (SEA) and enterotoxin B (SEB) are superantigens and gasterointestinal toxins causing food poisoning. The sea and seb genes encode SEA and SEB, respectively. The goal of this study was determine the prevalence of sea and seb genes in S. aureus isolated from patients and healthy carriers in Gorgan city, north of Iran. Materials and Methods: 170 isolates of S. aureus (95 from patients and 75 healthy carriers) were collected during 1 year. After identification and purification, DNA extraction was done by phenol - chloroform method. Amplification of sea and seb genes was done by specific primers and polymerase chain reaction method. Results: Among the 170 isolates of S. aureus, 60.6% and 27.1% contained sea and seb genes, respectively. The frequencies of isolates containing sea and seb genes were 58.8% and 61.3%, respectively, in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates and 23.5% and 28.6%, respectively, in methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates which were not statistically significant. The frequency of these genes was not related to age, sex and source of isolation in the patients. Conclusion: This study showed that a high proportion of S. aureus isolates carried sea gene, whereas the frequency of seb gene in this region was predictable.

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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia of adults in the western world and constitutes about 33% of all leukemia's. The incidence of CLL increases with age and are more common in older population. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) on the contrary occurs in both young adults and elderly and is a chronic myeloproliferative disease that originates from abnormal pluripotent stem cells and results in involvement of multiple hematopoietic lineages, but predominantly myeloid and less commonly lymphoid. Association between CLL and myeloid malignancies (CML, acute myeloid leukemia and MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome) is rare. In literature documenting CLL and CML in same patients, occur either simultaneously or CML is preceded by CLL.

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Background: The role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of malignant lesions is well documented. Conventionally obtained fine needle aspiration (FNA) smears frequently contain well preserved viable intact tissue fragments (microbiopsies). Aims: The present study was aimed at evaluating the microbiopsies and carrying out further cyto-histopathologic correlation in order to assess what additional information they could provide. Materials and Methods: A total of 116 FNA smears from clinically suspected malignant lesions were examined, of which 81 smears (70.0%) contained representative tissue fragments of the tumors. Histopathological details were available in 75 cases. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) was applied in selected smears as and when required. Results: Tumors in which microbiopsies aided in diagnosis chiefly included soft tissue malignancies (12 cases), typed into malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, fibrosarcoma, spindle cell sarcoma and malignant melanoma; lung tumors (14 cases) classified as small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, squamous carcinoma and adenocarcinoma; breast tumors (08 cases), typed into ductal, medullary and lobular carcinoma; and lymph node metastasis (19 cases) from primaries in lung, larynx and thyroid. The cyto-histopathologic concordance was raised from 81.2% in the absence of microbiopsies to 93.2% in their presence. Conclusions: FNA smears containing microbiopsies are of ample help in establishing firm diagnosis, tumor typing, and predicting possible primary sites in metastatic tumors which were not possible by cytology alone. Hence, this technique can be utilized to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC, if put into practice in evaluation of routine cytology smears, without increasing any financial burden on patients.

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Background and Aim: The strategies of targeting valosin-containing protein (VCP) may have therapeutic potential for treating cancer metastasis. In this study, we aim to investigate the correlation of VCP protein expression in osteosarcoma (OS) tissues with pulmonary metastasis and its possible molecular mechanism. Materials and Methods: Expression of VCP in 60 OS specimens was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the relationship with metastasis was analyzed. An artificial micro ribonucleic acid, targeting VCP, was performed to silence the expression of VCP in U2-OS cells. Cell mobility was detected by wound healing and Transwell assays. Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed to investigate the expression of VCP in U2-OS cells. Furthermore, the protein of pAKT (phosphorylated serine/threonine protein kinase) and nuclear factor of kappa B protein65 were measured by western blot to evaluate the effect of silencing VCP on AKT/nuclear factor of kappa B (NF-kB) signaling pathway. Results: The results showed that the expression level of VCP protein in cases with pulmonary metastases was significantly higher than that in those without metastasis (P = 0.004). The invasion and migration of U2-OS cells were suppressed by silencing VCP. Furthermore, silencing VCP could down-regulate the phosphorylation of AKT and nuclear transfer of NF-kB. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that inhibition of VCP could suppress OS cells invasion and migration through down-regulating AKT/NF-kB signaling pathway.

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Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD), which is caused by an A to G substitution at position 3243 (m.3243A>G) in the transfer ribonucleic acid leucine gene, is characterized by diabetes and hearing loss. Patients with MIDD frequently have renal disease, which may precede the diagnosis of either diabetes or deafness or may be the sole manifestation of the m.3243A>G mutation. Recently, progressive renal failure was reported in adults, and a number of childhood cases of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) of MIDD have been reported. However, little is known about the glomerular lesions in FSGS in MIDD. In the present study, we reported two cases of FSGS associated with MIDD and studied the clinical features of the proband and her mother.

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Background: Decorin is an extracellular matrix, multifunctional small proteoglycan molecule in tumor stroma that has been shown to be modulator of angiogenesis. No clinical data is available so far on decorin expression and survival outcome of oral cancer. Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine molecular and phenotypic expression of two angiogenesis modulators viz. decorin and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in human potentially malignant oral lesions (PMOLs) and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) in relation to clinico-pathological variables and survival outcome. Materials and Methods: Tissue biopsies were obtained from 72 PMOLs, 108 OSCC and 52 healthy controls. The PMOLs included cases of leukoplakias and oral submucous fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against decorin, VEGF-A and CD-31. Messenger-ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression was analyzed by using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Cytoplasmic staining of decorin was observed in the basal layer of epithelium in 53 (73.61%) cases of PMOLs and in peritumoral stroma in 55 (50.92%) cases of OSCC. None of the cases showed nuclear expression of decorin. Decorin expression both at phenotypic and molecular level was found to be down-regulated from PMOLs to OSCC. Lymph node metastasis and reduced decorin expression independently correlated with overall survival in OSCC. VEGF-A expression had no significant impact on survival outcome. Conclusion: Micro vessel density and VEGF-A expression were significantly associated with reduced decorin expression in tumor stroma suggesting, decorin as angiogenic modulator in OSCC. Down-regulation of decorin expression and the presence of lymph node metastasis were adverse factor independently affecting overall survival in OSCC.

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Context: A total of 350 million individuals are affected by chronic hepatitis B virus infection world-wide. Historically, liver biopsy has been instrumental in adequately assessing patients with chronic liver disease. A number of non-invasive models have been studied world-wide. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the utility of non-invasive mathematical models of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Indian patients in a resource limited setting using routinely performed non-invasive laboratory investigations. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study carried out at a tertiary care center. Subjects and Methods: A total of 52 consecutive chronic liver disease patients who underwent percutaneous liver biopsy and 25 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Routine laboratory investigations included serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Gama glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total bilirubin, total cholesterol, prothrombin time and platelet count. Three non-invasive models for namely aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI), Fibrosis 4 (FIB-4) and Forn's index were calculated. Outcomes were compared for the assessment of best predictor of fibrosis by calculating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of each index. Statistical Analysis Used: Medcalc online software and by Microsoft Excel Worksheet. Chi-square test was used for significance. P value < 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: While the serum levels of AST, ALT and GGT were significantly higher in patients group as compare with the healthy controls (P < 0.01), the platelet counts were significantly lower in patient group as compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Mean value of all 3 indices were significantly higher in patients group as compare with the controls (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Out of the three indices, APRI index with a NPV of 95% appeared to be a better model for excluding significant liver fibrosis while FIB-4 with a PPV of 61% showed fair correlation with significant fibrosis. Thus, these two non-invasive models for predicting of liver fibrosis, namely APRI and FIB-4, can be utilized in combination as screening tools in monitoring of CHB patients, especially in resource limiting settings.

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Background: The secreted aspartyl proteinases 2 (Sap2) of Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a potential marker of candididasis. It is a virulence factor associated with adherence and tissue invasion. Aim: In order to detect Sap2 in clinical sera, we developed an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Materials and Methods: Polyclonal antibodies were produced for Sap2 by injecting Sap2 into a New Zealand White inbred rabbit. They could be used at a dilution exceeding 1:1200 in an indirect ELISA, and detected Sap2 concentration up to 1 ng/mL. Results: Of the 286 cancer serum samples tested, 16.8% were found as candidiasis. The test was simple and economical to perform and had a level of sensitivity for detection of low-titer positive sera; thus, it may be proven to be of value in epidemiological studies on candidiasis.

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We describe a fatal case of hospital acquired meningitis in a term infant due to the antibiotic pressure mediated selection of Elizabethkingia meningosepticum. The antibiotics were administered for multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection. The strain was also phenotypically characterized for beta lactamase production, biofilm forming capability and resistance to in use disinfectants.

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Scleroderma renal crises (SRC) is a serious complication of systemic sclerosis whose prognosis remains serious despite management with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antihypertensives and dialysis. Pulmonary renal syndrome (PRS), characterised by diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) and SRC, is rare and carries a grave prognosis. This case report discusses the clinicopathological features of a 43-year-old male presenting with severe hypertension and rapidly progressive renal failure who subsequently developed DAH and died. The clinical course, exhaustive investigative work-up and autopsy findings led to a diagnosis of diffuse systemic sclerosis with PRS subcategorized into PRS with thrombotic microangiopathy. The index case came without a prior diagnosis of systemic sclerosis, thereby posing a serious diagnostic challenge and management issues.

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In this study, we report the evaluation of In-house flavi virus immunoglobulin M (IgM) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can be used as a screening test to determine the infecting flavivirus serotype over the current serological methods. A panel of 88 sera (inclusive of well characterized dengue, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) and West Nile virus (WNV) positive and negative samples tested and confirmed by commercial kit) was used for evaluation of the kit. The sensitivity and specificity of the In-house capture assay versus the commercial kit for the sero-diagnosis of dengue was 100% and 87% respectively, for JE IgM, it was found to be 90% and 100% respectively, and for West Nile it was 87.5% and 90.9%. Based on the study, we concluded that this flavivirus-serotyping ELISA provides rapid results and may be used as an accurate alternate to other serological tests for the specific diagnosis of flavivirus infections.

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Angiomyolipomas are rare benign tumors derived from perivascular epithelioid cells that occur frequently in kidney and rarely in the liver. We present a case of hepatic angiomyolipma, with various clinical and radiological differential diagnoses. A 34-year-old male was found to have a palpable mass on the left side of the abdomen. Imaging showed heterogeneously enhancing mass lesion 15 cm Χ 7 cm, in the left lobe and segment 4 of the liver. Various benign and malignant diagnoses were entertained. The needle biopsy did not reveal any evidence of malignancy. Patient underwent resection of the lesion in view of the large size, which was diagnosed as angiomyolipoma. Angiomyolipoma is a benign tumor and accurate diagnosis is important to prevent overtreatment. Histology and immunohistochemisry may help in clinching the diagnosis, in proper clinical setting.

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Carbapenems are mainstay of treating serious multidrug resistant gram-negative biofilm-based infections. However, recent emergence of metallo-beta-lactamases (MbL) producing gram-negative bacilli in different parts of world may be related to gain of virulence factors associated with biofilm production. Objectives: To explore the association of MbL and biofilm production in various gram-negative bacilli. Materials and Methods: In this study, 110 non-repetitive ceftazidime resistant gram-negative bacilli were evaluated for biofilm and MβL production. Biofilm forming ability of isolates obtained from various specimens was tested by the tube method. Disks of ceftazidime (30 μg) and ceftazidime with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (30 μg + 750 μg, prepared in house) for MβL detection were used. Chi-square test was used to study the association between biofilm and MβL production. P value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 88 (80%) bacilli had shown biofilm producing ability. The association of biofilm and MβL was significant in cases of non-fermenters as compared to enterobacteriaceae members. Conclusion: The particular combination of virulence factors (biofilm and MβL) in bacteria may be a species specific effect which needs to be investigated at molecular level in detail. This may help in designing newer therapies based on interference with biofilm formation and thus countering clinical episodes of antibiotic resistance.

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Fusarium infections are important problem worldwide, cause a broad spectrum of infections in human including superficial infections as well as locally invasive and disseminated infections. We report a rare case of perinephric abscess caused by Fusarium chlamydosporum in a child who had a recent episode of pyelonephritis. This case illustrates the ever increasing spectrum of rare but offending pathogenic fungi in an immunocompetent host. Fungal infections should always be suspected in patients having one or the other underlying risk factor or who are unresponding to antibacterial therapy. Early diagnosis of infection with a specific pathogen may lead to changes in antifungal therapy and may be critical for an improved outcome

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Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare soft-tissue neoplasm which may occur at any site although it is more frequent in the pleura, mediastinum and lung. Orbital involvement by SFT is uncommon. Giant cells are extremely rare to be seen in a SFT and have been described to be immunoreactive for CD34. We present a case of orbital SFT with multinucleate giant cells expressing CD68 and lacking immunoreactivity for CD34. The differential diagnosis is discussed.

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Background: Reactive arthritis (ReA)/Reiter's syndrome (RS) may be caused as a sequel of infections caused by enteric bacterial pathogens, although the mechanisms through, which different pathogens cause similar disease are not clear. Aim: This study was done to look for the presence and role of any common bacterial antigen among the pathogens isolated from such patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 51 patients of ReA and 75 controls (three groups of 25 subjects each: Group 1: Patients who did not develop arthritic complications within 3 months after bacillary dysentery/diarrhea; Group 2: Patients with other arthritic diseases and Group 3: Normal healthy subjects) were included. The isolated enteric pathogens were tested to detect the immunodominant antigens. Results and Conclusions: A common 30 kDa antigen was found to be specifically present among seven arthritogenic enteric bacterial strains belonging to three genera, Salmonella, Shigella and Hafnia. Post-dysenteric ReA patients' sera show higher levels of immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A antibodies against this antigen as compared to the controls. Lymphocytes of ReA patients recognize this antigen, proliferate and produce interleukin-2 in response to this antigen more than the lymphocytes of controls. 30 kDa antigen may be a common arthritogenic factor associated with post-dysenteric ReA/RS. The association of Hafnia alvei with post-dysenteric ReA is described for the first time. Four cases of mycobacterial ReA had an association with this antigen, suggesting that the arthritogenic antigen of mycobacteria and enteric bacteria may be of a similar nature.

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To date, sarcocystis has been considered an asymptomatic infection in humans. Even though cases with glomerulonephritis have been reported in animals with sarcocystis, there have been no reports of a similar occurrence in humans. We report a case of acute proliferative glomerulonephritis and leukocytoclastic vasculitis in a patient with sarcocystis infestation.

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Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the intestinal tract. In patients with locally advanced and/or metastatic GIST, the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib mesylate, has transformed the management of this previously untreatable neoplasm into a treatable entity. Approximately 80% of advanced metastatic GISTs respond to imatinib treatment. However, the majority of patients suffer disease progression at a median of 2 years due to drug resistance. Generally progressing GISTs retain their typical morphology. Herein, we report an extremely rare case of progressive metastatic GIST with heterologous rhabdomyoblastic differentiation after, imatinib mesylate treatment. We also review the relevant literature.

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