Since the advent of automation in the field of hematological cell counters there has been a constant refinement of the technology and increase in the number of newer parameters available on CBC analysers. Many novel parameters are being put into routine clinical use and both clinical evaluation and monitoring critically depend on knowledge of laboratory reference ranges. Here, we present reference interval for the Sysmex XE-2100, with emphasis on the novel or newer research parameters. Blood samples from a total of 122 clinically asymptomatic and apparently healthy subjects were evaluated and a final of 100 subjects (54-M, 46-F) were included in the study. A broad spectrum of parameters available with the analyser was assessed and reference ranges for the same evaluated.

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Salivary duct cyst (SDC) in an uncommon lesion of the minor salivary glands, with etiology related to obstruction of the salivary duct. It presents with a color similar to that of the mucosa, is mobile, measures between 3 and 10 mm and affects preferentially the bottom lip, floor of the mouth and the jugal mucosa. SDC have a predilection for the male and individual in elderly groups. The pathogenesis of SDC is associated with the formation of a mucous plug that causes partial or total obstruction of the salivary gland system duct, resulting in the dilation of the duct and increase in intraluminal pressure. They present clinical-pathological characteristics similar to those of salivary gland tumors, making diagnosis difficult and subject to errors in treatment. It is important for the dentist to include SDC in the differential diagnosis of lesions that affect the upper lip, although it is relatively rarely found in this anatomic site.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of various Candida species and study some of their virulence factors among thevulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC)patients. Study Design and Settings: The study was conducted in a Tertiary Care University Hospital in North India. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out prospectively for a period of 1 year. High vaginal swabs (HVSs) were collected from women in childbearing age group attending the gynecology and obstetrics out-patient departments with the complaints suggestive of vulvovaginitis. Samples were plated on Sabouraud's dextrose agar slope. Candida spp. isolated was further speciated based on microscopy, biochemical tests and culture characteristics on special media. Virulence factors of these strains were determined by biofilm formation and phospholipase activity. Result: A total of 464 HVS from 232 patients with the complaints of vulvovaginitis were included in this study. Following laboratory workup, 71 specimens were positive for genus Candida (30.6%). Further speciation showed 32.4% as Candida albicans, 45.07% Candida parapsilosis and 22.53% of Candida glabrata. Biofilm production was shown by 50 candidal strains (70.4%) and phospholipase activity was given by 41 candidal strains (57.74%). Conclusion: Our study suggests increasing prevalence of non-albicans Candida among the VVC cases along with their virulence factors. Therefore, we recommend that microbiological investigation upto species level should be mandatory to determine the emergence of non-albicans Candida as a major cause of VVC.

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Genital tuberculosis is an important under-diagnosed factor of infertility. A vast majority of cases are asymptomatic and diagnosing them will help in treating such patients. We conducted a retrospective study in a tertiary care hospital of Delhi with an aim to compare different methods i.e., histopathological examination (HPE), acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smears, Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture, BACTEC culture and polymerase chain reaction deoxyribonucleic acid (PCR-DNA) for diagnosing endometrial tuberculosis in infertile women. The data from 546 samples of endometrial biopsy histopathology, AFB smears and LJ culture was collected and then analyzed. Of these, HPE for tuberculosis was positive in 13, LJ culture in 10, AFB smear was positive in one case. BACTEC and PCR-DNA were feasible for 90 patients and PCR-DNA was positive in 20 and BACTEC in eight patients. Out of 20 patients with PCR positive results, 15 were only PCR positive and were subjected to hyster-laparoscopy and five had evidence of tuberculosis. Thus, none of the available tests can pick up all cases of genital tuberculosis, but conventional methods i.e., histopathology and LJ culture still has an important role in the diagnosis of endometrial tuberculosis in government setups where BACTEC and PCR are not performed routinely due to lack of resources.

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Background: AmpC beta lactamases are cephalosporinases that confer resistance to a wide range of beta lactam drugs thereby causing serious therapeautic problem. As there are no CLSI guidelines for detection of AmpC mediated resistance in Gram negative clinical isolates and it may pose a problem due to misleading results, especially so in phenotypic tests. Although cefoxitin resistance is used as a screening test, it does not reliably indicate AmpC production. Materials and Methods: We planned a study to determine the occurrence of AmpC beta lactamase in hospital and community, clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and simultaneously evaluate different phenotypic methods for detection of AmpC beta lactamases. Results: It was observed that 82.76% isolates were ESBL positive and 59% were cefoxitin screen positive. Using phenotypic confirmatory tests the occurrence of Amp C beta lactamases was found to be 40% and 39% by inhibitor based method using boronic acid (IBM) and modified three dimensional test (M3D) respectively. Conclusion: Both the test showed concordant result. Co-production was observed in 84.62% isolates Screening of ESBL and Amp C can be done in routine clinical microbiology laboratory using aztreonam and IBM respectively as it is a simple, rapid and technically less demanding procedure which can be used in all clinical laboratories.

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Background: Hemoglobinopathies are the most common inherited red cell disorders worldwide. Identification of these disorders is immensely important epidemiologically and for improved management protocols. Aim and Objectives: Our aim was to determine the prevalence of hemoglobinopathies in patients with microcytic hypochromic anemia and to assess the suitability of using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) routinely for screening antenatal cases and patients with anemia. Materials and Methods: A total of 4335 cases received from Mar 2007 to Nov 2011 were studied for various hemoglobinopathies and variants on BIO RAD 'VARIANT' analyzer. Results: Of the 4335 cases studied, 2119 were antenatal cases, 1710 patients with other disorders and 506 family studies. Of these, 688 cases displayed abnormal hemoglobin fractions on HPLC of which 140 were antenatal women. There were 455 cases of β thalassemia trait, 24 β thalassemia major, 20 thalassemia inter-media, 54 sickle cell trait, fivesickle cell disease, 21 double heterozygous β thalassemia-sickle cell trait, nineand 4 Hb D- Punjab heterozygous and homozygous respectively, three Hb D β Thalassemia trait, 20 and 37 Hb E homozygous and heterozygous respectively, three Hb E β Thalassemia trait and four cases of Hb Q India. Twenty nine adults had isolated HbF elevation. Conclusion: Our study found a high prevalence (15.8%) of hemoglobinopathies amongst microcytic hypochromic anemia and antenatal cases. An accurate diagnosis helps in preventing unnecessary iron loading. Screening all antenatal cases with anemia helps in timely antenatal counseling, thus preventing the psychological trauma of bearing a transfusion dependent child for life.

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Aims: Lymphadenopathy is a common clinical problem and biopsies undertaken to determine the cause of nodal enlargement may be neoplastic or non-neoplastic. The former are mainly lymphohematogenous malignancies and metastases while the causes of non-neoplastic lymphadenopathy are varied. This study was undertaken to determine the histopathological spectrum of lymphadenectomies. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study wherein 1010 cases of histologically diagnosed peripheral lymph node biopsies in the Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry from January 2007 to June 2012 were reviewed. Surgical resection specimens with lymph node dissection were excluded from the study. Results: Neoplastic lesions were more common comprising 53% (535 cases) and included 32.1% (324 cases) of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 12.4% (125 cases) of Hodgkin lymphoma and 8.5% (86 cases) of metastatic lesions. The non-neoplastic lesions were 47% (475 cases), which included 21.6% (218 cases) of non-specific reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, 6.8% (69 cases) of other reactive or specific lymphoid hyperplasia, 18% (182 cases) of tuberculous lymphadenitis, 0.6% (6 cases) of other granulomatous lesions. Conclusions: Lymph node biopsy plays an important role in establishing the cause of lymphadenopathy. Among the biopsied nodes, lymphomas were the most common (44.5%) followed by non-specific reactive hyperplasia (21.6%), tuberculous lymphadenitis (18%) and metastasis (8.5%).

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Background: The role of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in invasive breast cancer and its correlation with different prognostic variables were always a matter of controversy in the literature. Aim: To determine the relative density of T lymphocytes, CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, and B lymphocytes in breast cancer and assess their relationships with clinicopathologic parameters. Materials and Methods: Paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 48 invasive ductal carcinomas and 30 benign breast lesions were examined by means of immunohistochemistry to demonstrate CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD20+. The immunophenotyped cells were semi-quantitatively graded into: Absent, intermediate, and extensive. Results: All lymphocyte populations were significantly more expressed in breast carcinomas than in benign lesions (P = 0.0001 for CD3+ and CD4+, P = 0.001 for CD8+, and P = 0.002 for CD20+ cells). In breast carcinoma, B and T cells were co-expressed in 33 of 48 tumors (68.8%). However, T cells were the predominant immunophenotype being noted in 81% of tumors, compared to B cells which were expressed in 50% of tumors. T cells, CD4+ and CD8+ cells were directly associated with patient's age (P = 0.004, P = 0.001, and P = 0.01, respectively). Clinical stages III and IV showed a significantly higher density of T and CD4+ lymphocytes than stage II (P = 0.004 and P = 0.009, respectively). Also, T and CD4+ cells were directly related to the histologic grade (P = 0.004 and P = 0.001, respectively). On the contrary, B lymphocytes were not related to any of the above-mentioned parameters. Conclusion: Although B and T lymphocytes were co-expressed in breast cancer, T lymphocytes and their subpopulations seem to have the upper hand in predicting the biological behavior. They probably promote neoplastic progression rather than acting as an antitumor immune response.

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Background: Conventionally growth pattern, stromal overgrowth, stromal cellularity and stromal mitotic activity are the main parameters in the grading of phyllodes tumors (PTs). Recent studies revealed that both p53 and Ki-67 expressions are correlated with grade of PTs of the breast. Expression of hormone receptors and overexpression/amplification of HER2 has been studied in PTs to discover the roles of these markers as new treatment modalities. Materials and Method: We studied 26 PT cases. Seventeen benign and nine malignant PTs were re-evaluated as regards stromal cellularity mitotic activity, p53/Ki-67 expression rates and the relation between these parameters. Estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor (ER, PR) positivity were determined by counting nuclear staining in five high-power fields. Also, the presence of any HER2 staining and staining patterns were documanted. Results: Stromal cellularity, mitotic rate, p53 and Ki-67 expression rates were all correlated with benign and malignant histologic subgroups (P = 0.000-0.001). Ki-67 and p53 expressions were statistically significantly correlated with histologic subgroups, stromal cellularity and mitotic rate (P < 0.005). ER and PR expressions in the epithelial component were not statistically significant between the two groups. HER2 showed different staining patterns in the epithelial component, and there was no staining in the stromal component. Conclusion: Ki-67 and p53 expression rates were statistically significantly correlated with grade of mammary PTs; therefore, they can be used in the determination of tumor grade, especially for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors. Malignant and benign tumors did not differ significantly in terms of hormone receptor and HER2 expression. HER2 expression showed different patterns in the epithelial component of the PTs.

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Objective: To compare the performance of a new tuberculosis-related interferon gamma release assay (TB-IGRA) with that of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) for TB infection diagnosis in China. Materials and Methods: A total of 458 active TB patients and 378 healthy individuals were enrolled. Among the 458 active TB patients, 395 had pulmonary TB and 63 had extra-pulmonary TB. The blood samples were collected from the active TB patients and health controls; then TB-IGRA and QFT-GIT were used to detect interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value in TB infection diagnosis for active TB by the TB-IGRA were 83.4%, 94.2%, 94.5%, and 82.4%, respectively. For QFT-GIT, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value in TB infection diagnosis for active TB were 81.4%, 97.1%, 97.1%, and 81.2%, respectively. Conclusions: TB-IGRA had a high sensitivity and specificity for TB infection; it could be comparable with the QFT-GIT assay. It might be a powerful assisting tool for TB infection diagnosis in the Chinese clinical setting.

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Background: There are several methods for counting platelets, of which the international flow reference method (IRM) is considered to be the gold standard. We compared the platelet count given by this method to the count given by automated analyzers using other methods, such as optical fluorescence and impedance. Aims: The aim of this study is to compare the platelet counts obtained by Sysmex XE 2100 by Impedance (Sysmex-I), optical florescence (Sysmex-O) and reported (Sysmex-R) based on the switching algorithm and LH-750 by Impedance (LH-750) with the IRM in thrombocytopenic blood samples. To calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of various technologies at the clinically relevant transfusion thresholds of 10 × 10 ⁹ /l and 20 × 10 ⁹ /l. Materials and Methods: A total of 118 blood samples with platelet count of <50 × 10 ⁹ /l were selected for the study. Platelet counts of all samples were analyzed by all methods using the Sysmex analyzer, LH-750 and IRM in parallel within 6 h of collection. Statistical Analysis Used: Pearson correlation, bland Altman analysis, sensitivity and specificity, PPV and NPV. Results and Conclusions: Sysmex-R had the least Bias and 95% limits of agreement (95%LA) range and thus correlated best with IRM values. LH-750 had a higher Bias compared to Sysmex-O and Sysmex-R, but a strikingly similar 95% LA ensures similar results in all three methods. In fact, in the oncology subset, it had the narrowest 95% LA, which made it the best performer in this subgroup. Of the three Sysmex results, Sysmex-I had the highest bias, widest 95% LA and highest potential risk of over transfusion. Hence, Sysmex-R and LH-750 were found to be reliable tools for estimation of platelet count in thrombocytopenic patients.

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Background: Examination of specimens obtained through flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope is an important and often the initial diagnostic technique performed in patients with suspected malignant lung lesion. Aims: To evaluate the correlation of cytological findings of bronchial washings, bronchial brushing and imprint smear of bronchial biopsy in the diagnosis of lung tumors, with histopathology of bronchial biopsy taking the latter as the confirmatory diagnostic test. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 patients with lung mass were included in the study. Bronchial brushings were obtained from all 200 cases. In the first 100 cases, pre-biopsy bronchial washing (washing collected before the brushing and biopsy procedure) while post-biopsy washing (washing at the end of the procedure) was procured in all 200 cases. Imprint smears of bronchial biopsy were prepared in 150 cases. Results: Sensitivity and specificity of brushing was 76.58% and 77.78% respectively and that of imprint smear was 81.35% and 78.12% respectively. Pre-biopsy and post-biopsy washing showed high specificity of 88.89%, but low sensitivity of 30.14 and 36.77% respectively. No significant difference was found in sensitivity between brushing and imprint smear (Chi-square; P = 0.4187); and between pre-biopsy and post-biopsy washing (Chi-square; P = 0.7982). However, there was a significant difference between sensitivity of brushing and washing (Chi-square; P = 0.0001). The sensitivity of combination of three cytological diagnostic techniques was 87.29%. Conclusion: Bronchial brushing and washing cytology in combination with imprint cytology aids in the diagnosis of lung tumors. Therefore, all these techniques may be used concurrently along with bronchial biopsy to diagnose lung tumors.

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Cytokeratin-positive interstitial reticulum cell (CIRC) sarcoma is a rare type of dendritic cell tumor derived from a subset of fibroblastic reticular cells. Expression of cytokeratins and extranodal location of these tumors can lead to a misdiagnosis of carcinoma. We report two cases of CIRC sarcomas primarily involving the scalp and breast. Patients were referred with an initial diagnosis of carcinoma. Case 1 underwent wide local excision of the scalp tumor with left posterolateral neck dissection. Case 2 had modified radical mastectomy for the tumor in left breast. Histopathological examination of both specimens showed an epithelioid to spindle cell malignant tumor that co-expressed CK 8, CK 18, vimentin, and smooth muscle actin. A diagnosis of CIRC sarcoma was made. Pathologists should be aware of this subset of dendritic cell sarcoma. Carcinomas, other sarcomas of the accessory dendritic cell family, and poorly differentiated malignant tumors have to be ruled out by combination of morphology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopic studies.

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The histological predominance of one component in a germ cell tumor can lead to a mistaken diagnosis. Here, we describe a mediastinal teratoma with predominant vascular proliferation (>90%) which on fine needle biopsy was diagnosed as a pulmonary hemangioma. Later, resection specimen revealed other components constituting ~4%, changing the diagnosis while illustrating theimportance of careful evaluation. A 37-year-old Caucasian male with shortness of breath, weight loss, and history of recently resolved pneumonia was diagnosed with hemangioma, after a computed tomography guided fine needle biopsy of a -16.3-cm mediastinal pulmonary mass revealed abundant benign vascular elements. Following tumor excision, ~94% of the sample exhibited predominant vascular elementsThe mass also exhibited rare focal areas of malignant epithelium in a reticular arrangement and undifferentiated pleomorphic cells associated with vascular invasion. These atypical epithelial cells were positive for CD30, pan CK, AFP, β-HCG and CD 117, thusprocuring a diagnosis of mediastinal mixed germ cell tumor. Although mixed germ cell tumors consist of various tissue types, diagnosis can be easily overlooked if one component dominates. Therefore, obtaining adequate representative neoplasm samples, and sectioning the samples thoroughly, searching for coexisting tissue types is critical for accurate diagnosis.

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Introduction: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with distinctive morphologic, immunophenotypic and a characteristic cytogenetic abnormality, the t(11;14)(q13;q32) and overexpression of cyclin D1. The common histologic features include effaced lymphoid architecture by a monomorphic lymphoid population with a vaguely nodular, diffuse or mantle zone growth pattern. The classic cytomorphologic features include small to medium sized lymphoid cells with irregular nuclear contours and scanty cytoplasm, closely resembling centrocytes. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study comprises 13 cases of MCL over a period of 5½ years in our department, comprising 4% of all nodal NHL diagnosed. All cases were diagnosed on lymph node biopsy. Results: The mean age of the presentation was 57 years. There was a male preponderance (M:F = 2.25:1). The disease was nodal in all cases. Most patients (84.5%) had generalized lymphadenopathy and/or hepatosplenomegaly. Bone marrow involvement was seen in 81.8% of cases. Three cases showed a nodular pattern on lymph node biopsy while remaining ten had a diffuse pattern. Immunophenotyping showed positivity for CD20, CD5 and cyclin D1 and CD23 negativity. Conclusion: Despite certain morphological similarity to other low-grade/intermediate-grade lymphomas, MCL has a characteristic appearance of its own. Since it is more aggressive than other low-grade lymphomas it needs to be accurately diagnosed.

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Background: The problem of multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is growing in several hotspots throughout the world. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of MDR-TB is crucial to facilitate early treatment and to reduce its spread in the community. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the new, novel GenoType^® MTBDRplus assay for rapid detection of drug susceptibility testing (DST) of MDR-TB cases in Northern India. Materials and Methods: A total of 550 specimens were collected from highly suspected drug resistant from pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB cases. All the specimens were processed by Ziehl- Neelsen staining, culture, differentiation by the GenoType^® CM assay, first line DST using BacT/ALERT 3D system and GenoType^® MTBDRplus assay. The concordance of the GenoType^® MTBDRplus assay was calculated in comparison with conventional DST results. Results: Overall the sensitivity for detection of rifampicin, isoniazid and MDR-TB resistance by GenoType^® MTBDRplus assay was 98.0%, 98.4% and 98.2% respectively. Out of 55 MDR-TB strains, 45 (81.8%), 52 (94.5%) and 17 (30.9%) strains showed mutation in rpoB, katG and inhA genes respectively (P < 0.05). The most prominent mutations in rpoB, katG and inhA genes were; 37 (67.3%) in S531L, 52 (94.5%) in S315T1 and 11 (20%) in C15T regions respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated a high concordance between the GenoType^® MTBDRplus assay resistance patterns and those were observed by conventional DST with good sensitivity, specificity with short turnaround times and to control new cases of MDR-TB in countries with a high prevalence of MDR-TB.

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Osteoblastoma is an uncommon primary bone tumor with a predilection for posterior elements of spine. Its occurrence in temporal bone and middle ear is extremely rare. Clinical symptoms are non-specific and cranial nerve involvement is uncommon. The cytomorphological features of osteoblastoma are not very well defined and the experience is limited to only few reports. We report an interesting and rare case of aggressive osteoblastoma, with progressive hearing loss and facial palsy, involving the mastoid process of temporal bone and middle ear along with the description of cyto-morphological features.

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Background: Chromosome 7 aberrations in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been reported in papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). However, the implication of these anomalies on prognosis and survival is still unclear. RCC Chromosome 7 aberrations have commonly been detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization and chromogenic in situ hybridization but not silver in situ hybridization (SISH). Aim: The purpose was to report chromosome 7 aberrations in ccRCC and pRCC using SISH in paraffin-embedded tissues and determine the association between the anomalies with clinical and pathological features. Materials and Methods: Cases of ccRCC and pRCC from University Malaya Medical Centre (2001-2009) were analyzed. Chromosome 7 staining was performed using an automated SISH method and association tests between chromosomal anomalies, clinical features and survival were performed. Results: SISH is a feasible technique to detect chromosome 7 aberration in RCC. Chromosome 7 aberrations with nuclear grading, staging and survival yielded no significant correlation. Surprisingly, there was a significant association between gender and chromosome 7 expressions. Though grade did not reach statistical significance for survival in our RCC cases, there was a significant correlation between overall survival with race and stage. Conclusion: Chromosome 7 aberrations in ccRCC showed no prognostic significance. Nevertheless, staging and grading systems that include prognostic variables could hold better promise.

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Context: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) plays a significant role in cancer biology and is considered as a potential target for molecular therapy. Alteration of ET-1 was detected in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Aim: To evaluate the immunohistochemical expression and distribution of ET-1 in OSCC and to correlate its expression with the degree of histopathologic differentiation as well as the regional metastatic status of OSCC. Materials and Methods: The immunohistochemical expression and distribution of ET-1 was evaluated in total number of 30 cases of OSCC. The specimens were retrieved as formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from the archival files. Detection of ET-1 expression in different grades of metastatic and non-metastatic OSCC was quantified using an image analyzer computer system. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical software package SPSS v. 19. Results: ET-1 immunoreactivity was observed in all studied specimens. On comparing optical density values for ET-1 expression in different grades of OSCC, poorly differentiated OSCC showed a significantly greater expression than moderately differentiated OSCC, which was also significantly greater than well-differentiated OSCC ( P = 0.001). Moreover, ET-1 expression was higher in metastatic OSCC than that in non-metastatic OSCC ( P = 0.018). Conclusions: Increased ET-1 expression could enhance the aggressive behavior of poorly differentiated OSCC, especially metastasis. Accordingly, ET-1 could be a therapeutic target in OSCC.

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Background: Rubella is traditionally considered a childhood disease but has the potential to cause outbreaks in hospital set ups. It is important to know the susceptibility status of health care workers (HCWs) as to frame guidelines for their immunization and thus prevent hospital outbreaks. Participants: The rubella susceptibility status of 313 HCWs working in the institute was assessed. This study was initiated after we reported an outbreak due to rubella among HCWs of our institute. Materials and Methods: The serum samples were tested to determine Rubella IgG titres by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Overall, 48 (15.3%) subjects were found to be negative, thereby indicating their susceptibility to infection. Out of them, 29 (60.5%) were in contact with pregnant women during the course of their employment. There is a risk of nosocomial transmission of rubella from affected HCWs to their contacts especially pregnant women as many of the rubella infections are asymptomatic. Conclusion: Hence, we stress the need for vaccinating the HCWs at the start of their employment to contain the spread of infection and also to reduce the risk of outbreaks in work place.

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Granular cell tumors (GCTs) on the male genitalia are exceedingly rare. Solitary tumors have been reported on the penile shaft, prepuce, corpus cavernosum, glans penis, and scrotum. According to the latest serial analysis by using a MEDLINE search of the literature from January 1970 to December 2011, we identified seven reported GCTs involving the scrotum. We present a new case and perform a brief literature review.

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Neurofibromatosis I (NF I), an autosomal dominant disorder is associated with increased risk of benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors and central nervous system tumors. There are only few case reports of breast carcinoma in known patients of NF I. We report a case of basal like carcinoma of the breast in a 69-year-old lady who had NF I. Considering the rare association of carcinomas with NF I and finding that both the NF I gene and a breast cancer pre-disposition gene, BRCA 1 are located in close proximity on chromosome 17q makes the association of these two conditions intriguing.

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