The two sampling techniques were studied in 160 randomly selected cases of superficial swellings in various sites of the body. They were sampled by fine needle aspiration (FNA) and by non-aspiration (NA) (a needle without application of aspiration pressure). Cell samples were cytologically assessed and critically evaluated using five objective parameters. Contamination with blood was more in lymphnode, thyroid and liver lesions in aspiration smears than NA smears and values were statistically significant. Similarly when compared for the degree of cellular trauma and cellular degeneration statistically significant better results were obtained by nonaspiration technique for lymphnode lesions. Regarding amount of cellular material obtained by FNA, statistical significant better results were found for breast lesions only. Statistically significant better maintenance of architecture was observed only for thyroid lesions by NA technique. Better average scores were observed by NA technique for lymphnode and thyroid only. Categorizing all the smears obtained by FNA & NA on the basis of their scores according to predetermined criteria, greater number of diagnostically adequate specimens were obtained by FNA than by NA but the number of diagnostically superior specimens obtained by NA technique was found to be more than that by FNA. The difference was found to be statistically significant. However the number of inadequate smears was also more by NA technique than by FNA technique.

Lupus Anticoagulant, first discovered in patients of SLE, is now known to be associated with a wide spectrum of diseases. The presence of LA is associated with adverse fetal outcome in an obstetric population. In the present series the incidence of LA was found to be 16.6% and 80% of LA positive subgroup had an unsuccessful outcome.

The diagnostic value of DNA content analysis by flow cytometry (FCM) has rarely been evaluated in combination with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). In this present study, the value of DNA FCM in distinguishing malignant lesions from benign enlarged lymph nodes on FNAC material has been investigated. DNA FCM was done from FNAC materials of 58 cases of lymph node swellings Becton Dickinson's flow cytometer (USA) along with 'Cell Quest' program was used for the analysis of DNA ploidy and S & G2-M phase cells. There were 16 cases of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, 8 cases of metastatic carcinoma and 34 cases of non Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL). DNA FCM showed 12 aneuploid case and 46 diploid case. All the cases with DNA aneuploidy were malignant. None of the benign cases showed aneuploidy on DNA aneuploidy were malignant. None of the benign cases showed aneuploidy on DNA histogram. Out of the 46 diploid cases, 11 cases showed high S & G2-M Phase cells (> 10%). Nine out of these 11 cases were malignant on FNAC. The sensitivity and specificity of DNA FCM were 50% and 87.5% respectively. None of the low grade NHL was detected by DNA FCM. In conclusion, DNA aneuploidy and high G2-M phase cells (> 10%) are good indicators of malignancy in lymph node aspirate. However DNA FCM is relatively costly and thereby its role as an adjunctive technique needs careful re-evaluation.

Collagenous Spherulosis (CS) of breast is an innocuous but interesting uncommon morphological feature observed with a variety of benign and malignant breast lesions. We report a case of collagenous shperulosis associated with nodular sclerosing adenosis (Adenosis tumor) on fine needle aspiration (FNA) smears confirmed later by biopsy. The differential diagnosis of collagenous spherulosis is discussed.

Out of 5410 blood samples 715 samples were found positive for Salmonella typhi. Enteric fever was prevalent for last three years in Rourkela. In last two years, a number of multidrug resistant strains of Salmonella typhi was isolated which constituted almost 16.1% of the total isolates. In this study, chloramphenicol sensitivity was found quite high (86.5%) and ceftriaxone showed 100% sensitivity. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was found 2.5% which due to direct consequence of indiscriminate use of antibiotics, either singly or in combination.

Antibiotic Susceptibility was performed on sixty clinical isolates of nonsporing anaerobes against ten antimicrobial agents. The test was performed on Muller Hinton Agar and Wilkins Chalgren blood agar by preparing suspension of freshly isolated colonies in BHI broth. Apart from Metronidazole and Chloramphenicol newer antibiotics like Minocycline, Secnidazole, Tinidazole, Clarithromycin, Roxithromycin were also tried. Antimicrobial agents like metronidazole, Secnidazole, Tinidazole and Minocycline were 100% sensitive, followed by Chloramphenicol, Clarithromycin and Roxithromycin. These newer agents can be good alternatives for the treatment of non sporing anaerobes.

The ability of the Vitek Yeast Biochemical Card to identify yeast isolates was compared with conventional methods. Of the fifty yeast isolates tested same species identification was obtained in thirty-four isolates. The Vitek yeast biochemical card identified 13 isolates which could not be identified by the conventional tests. Though the Vitek Yeast biochemical card gave a good rapid identification the high cost of each test severely limits its routine use in most of the laboratories.

One hundred and fifty surgically resected gall bladder specimens were included in the study to evaluate the relationship between the prevalence of gall stones and histochemical alteration in sequential changes of metaplasia, dysplasia and neoplasia in gall bladder epithelium. Multiple sections were processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Periodic acid Schiff's stain, Alcian blue (pH 2.5)/Periodic acid, Orcein/Alcian blue (pH 2.5) and Alcian Blue/Periodic acid/Potassium borohydride saponifications stains. Details of gall stones present were also noted. Prevalence of gall stones in gall bladders with metaplastic, dysplastic and neoplastic mucosal changes was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those gall bladders which had no epithelial changes. Increase in sialomucin with a corresponding decrease in sulphomucin was observed from metaplasia to malignancy. Neutral mucin increased in metaplastic cells but was significantly reduced in neoplastic cells. Loss of O-acylation in sialmucin was also present in neoplastic cells. The histochemical changes suggest that chronic injury due to cholelithiasis induces appearance of neutral mucin positive metaplastic cells, which may further dedifferentiate to sialomucin containing dysplastic or neoplastic cells if the stimulation persists.

Giant cell tumor is seen in late adolescence or in the third or fourth decade of life. It arises from epiphysis of long bones, the commonest site being the distal end of the demur and the proximal end of tibia. This paper presents a case report of giant cell tumor of soft tissue.

We report a case of atypical lipomatous tumor-sclerosing type, a rare retroperitoneal soft tissue liposarcoma, presented with vague musculoskeletal symptoms. Patient was managed with complete resection of the tumor mass with adjuvant chemotherapy. The patient is doing well, with no evidence of recurrence 22 months after the treatment.

Intracranial malignant cartilaginous tumors, not arising from the skull bones are a rare phenomenon, and few cases have been reported till date in literature. We hereby describe one such case treated by us.

We report a case of disseminated histoplasmosis in a 60-year-old non-immunocompromised patient who presented to us with fever and hepatosplenomegaly. Sonographic & CT examination of the abdomen showed bilateral adrenal masses. Cytological examination of the aspirated material from the mass showed yeast forms of H. capsulatum.